camera icon Photo © Dennis Arguelles/NPCA. The Filipino Community Cultural Center of Delano, one of two sites telling the Filipino farmworker story that were identified by the National Park Service in 2013 as worthy of inclusion in the National Park System. Because she was a white woman, they kept their relationship hidden from the public for years to avoid legal persecution or, worse, violent retribution. Fred was one of the few who was able to find a female companion. Some manongs sent their pay back to the Philippines, and others tried to save up enough to return home to marry or retire, or to attend college in the U.S. Barred by law from marrying outside their race, owning land and other basic rights, the manongs became the labor force for the West’s vast and growing agricultural industry, and 100,000 would find themselves toiling in fields and orchards from Washington to Arizona, working in strenuous conditions and for meager pay. Unfortunately, the experiences of the manongs were too often of hardship, loneliness and struggles against racism, discrimination and exploitation.
See more ›įred planned to pursue his education in America, a promise he made to his dying mother. New California park site dedicated to the work of labor leader César Chávez.
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